↑ Ki-Zerbo, Joseph: UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century, p. 57. University of California Press, 1997.
↑ Piga, Adriana: Islam et villes en Afriqa au sud du Sahara: Entre soufisme et fondamentalisme, p. 265. KARTHALA Editions, 2003.
↑ al-Bakri in Nehemiah Levtzion and J. F. Pl Hopkins, eds and trans., Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History (New York and London: Cambridge University Press, 1981, reprint edn Princeton, New Jersey,: Marcus Wiener, 2000), pp. 82-83.
↑ ibn Khaldun in Levtzion and Hopkins, eds, and transl. Corpus, p. 333.
↑ al-Idrisi in Levtzion and Hopkins, eds. and transl, Corpus, p. 108.
↑ Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa, 2000, ISBN1-55876-241-8. First published in 1981 by Cambridge University Press, ISBN0-521-22422-5 | pages=76 & 300 (quotation of Ibn Battuta: Then I travelled to the town of Kawkaw, which is a great town on the Nīl [Niger], one of the finest, biggest, and most fertile cities of the Sūdān. There is much rice there, and milk, and chickens, and fish, and the cucumber, which has no like. Its people conduct their buying and selling with cowries, like the people of Mālī.
↑ Collins, Robert O (2009). Documents from the African Past. New Jersey: Markus Wiener. tr. 33–34. ISBN978-1-55876-289-3.
